An Introduction
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The firm of Maggs was founded in the 1850's, probably in 1853, by
Uriah Maggs, who at the age of 25 had left his home town of Midsomer
Norton in Somerset to set up in business in London. Like many migrants
of all times, he never got far from his port of entry, and set up
shop firstly in Westbourne Terrace and later in Paddington Church
Street, both shops still close to the Great Western Railway terminus
of Paddington.
 He
ran a general stationer's, newsagent's and bookseller's business
in the style of the day, lending and selling books and newspapers,
and built the business into a flourishing concern. Although it is
unlikely that he had a bindery himself, he did offer bookbinding
as a service, and we have one rare "Maggs Binding", in
heavy brown morocco, signed at the foot of the front free endpaper.
The transformation into a specialist bookdealer took place over
the next fifteen years, and by 1870 the main thrust of his business
was "Second-Hand Books, Ancient and Modern, in all Classes
of Literature."
All four of Uriah's sons eventually joined the business, taking
over on his retirement in 1894. The initial Maggs Brothers of the
firm's title were Benjamin and Henry, later joined by Charles and
Ernest. This was a period of rapid expansion for the rare book trade
as the gradual relative decline in prosperity of the European aristocracy
brought increasing quantities of rare books on to the market. At
the same time the great tycoons of the United States were beginning
to form their incomparable collections and the collecting of rare
books was becoming an important part of a fashionable life on both
sides of the Atlantic. The firm prospered in this climate, and in
1901  moved
to the Strand, then the centre of the London antiquarian book-trade.
A further move in 1918 led them to 34/35 Conduit Street, (off New
Bond Street, on the site now occupied by the Westbury Hotel) where
the architect John A. Campbell designed them a bookshop of some
style, partly as a replica of a monastic library with beautiful
custom made furniture, much of it re-used at their next premises.
The year 1938 saw the firm moving again, this time to 50 Berkeley
Square, where it still remains. It was to be a lucky move, for the
Conduit Street premises were completely destroyed in the Blitz:
in the brochure announcing the move the firm had unwittingly announced
"The demolition of our premises at 34 & 35 Conduit Street,
W1, scheduled to take place in 1940." 50 Berkeley Square, although
initially criticised as being too far from Bond Street (all of 300
yards!), has turned out to be almost perfect.  To
quote the same brochure "The 18th Century house
is ideal in many ways. Its rooms are many and spacious . . . It
retains its 18th century character with fine decorated
ceilings, Adam fireplaces of singular beauty, and torch extinguishers
outside the front door. It is situated in the heart of Mayfair,
easily accessible, in one of the most beautiful squares in London."
Antiquarian booksellers are typically good tenants of interesting
buildings (they have more important things to spend their money
on than building works), and the house is for the most part unaltered
since its last modernisation over 100 years ago. The pantries are
still lined with large white ceramic tiles, there is a massive cast-iron
cooking range in the old kitchen, and the chief cataloguer in the
military department works between the iron railings of a stall in
the former stables.
The house has had two distinguished tenants since its completion
in 1740: the British Prime Minister George Canning in the early
19th. century, and the famous ghost ö or should
it be ghosts, for there are several different and apparently contradictory
tales of the manifestations encountered here. You can take your
pick from a pair of legs coming down a chimney, a "feathered
thing", and the present writer's favourite, the "nameless
horror". By 1907 the ghost was so famous that Charles Harper,
in his Haunted Houses could write that "the famous Îhaunted
house' in Berkeley Square' was long one of those things that no
country cousin come up from the provinces to London on sight-seeing
bent, ever willingly missed." Despite many all-night sessions,
on fire-watch during the Second World War and more recently (oh,
the joys of computers), there have been no strange reports during
the present tenancy, but we still feature in the guide books of
haunted houses and are used to dealing with a steady flow of inquiries.
A "virtual tour" of
the building can be seen on this website.
At the same time as maintaining the London offices the firm also
had a branch in Paris from around 1933 until the 1950's (interrupted
by the removal of much of the stock to Germany in 1940), first at
140 Boulevard Haussman and later at the Rue de la Boëtie, overseen
by Dr. Maurice Ettinghausen, one of the great bookseller/scholars
of his age. It was Ettinghausen and Ernest Maggs who pulled off
the greatest bookselling coup of the era, when in 1932 they successfully
negotiated with the government of Russia to acquire not only a Gutenberg
Bible, the first printed book of circa 1455, but also the celebrated
Codex Sinaiticus. This is one of the earliest Bible manuscripts
known (c. AD 350), containing the whole of the New Testament and
part of the Old in Greek. It had been unearthed in the mid-nineteenth
century at St. Katherine's Monastery in the Sinai desert by the
German scholar Friedrich von Tischendorf, who "persuaded"
the monks to present it to his patron and the head of the Russian
Orthodox Church, the Emperor of Russia. In the 1930's the Russian
government, desperately short of hard currency was selling off components
of the great Russian libraries and art galleries, now nationalised.
In 1931 Ernest and Dr. Ettinghausen travelled to Leningrad (the
food situation was so bad that Ettinghausen later claimed to have
survived on a diet of canned sardines he had brought with him) and
there bought the Gutenberg Bible (pre-sold to Martin Bodmer) and
began the negotiations which were to lead to their purchase of the
Codex on behalf of the British Museum in 1933. Maggs have thus handled
two Gutenberg Bibles in their history, the one described above and
the Dyson Perrins copy bought at auction in 1947 for a record price
for a printed book of £22,000, on behalf of Sir Philip Frere,
and a few years later resold it to Mrs. Doheny of California, this
latter copy now the only one in Japan.
The negotiations for the Codex began with an asking price of two
hundred thousand pounds and an offer of forty thousand before the
final price of one hundred thousand was settled on, by a long way
the most expensive book in the world at the time. The British government
was to put up half of the purchase price, and the balance was raised
in a public appeal orchestrated by Sir Frederic Kenyon, retired
director of the British Museum and President of the Friends of the
National Libraries. When predictable objections were raised to spending
public money on a book, Kenyon made the fine rallying call "Where
millions are spent on the material needs and amusements of the people,
may not £100,000 be properly spent on their minds and souls?"
The 1920's and 1930's were a golden era for book-collecting and
during these years the firm handled some extraordinary material.
They sold Napoleon's letters to Josephine (to the French Government),
dispersed the library of the Comte de Chambord (King Henri V of
France), helped King Manuel II of Portugal form one of the greatest
libraries of Portuguese and Latin American books and manuscripts,
sold the papers of the Earls of Huntingdon en bloc to the
Huntington Library of California and issued a catalogue containing
six block-books bought by R.E. Hart of Blackburn, Lancashire for
cash, and now at Cambridge University Library. The collection of
Napoleonica formed by his doctor, Vignali, and sold by Maggs in
the early 1920's, famously included Napoleon's mummified membranum
virilis.
Ben died in 1935, having been allowed the rare pleasure (shared
with Mark Twain and Sabine Baring-Gould) of reading an exaggerated
account of his own death earlier in the year, and Ernest continued
in the business right up to his death in 1955.
The members of the next generation of the Maggs family were to
be Clifford, Frank & Kenneth, now cousins as well as brothers.
Clifford was the firm's incunabulist and medieval manuscript expert,
a bookseller of the highest integrity, who was proud to boast in
1969 of a predecessor's "superb disregard of commercial value"
in doing "as long a note, amounting often to an essay, for
a book worth two or three guineas as for one valued at several hundred."
This is a temptation the firm still falls into from time to time
today, and indeed we are proud of the fact that although we regularly
handle books and manuscripts of the very highest quality (in 1998
we set a new record for the most expensive printed book when buying
for £4,200,000 a copy of the first book printed in England,
Caxton's Chaucer), we also handle books at more affordable price
levels, hoping to be able to offer something for the enthusiasts
of all means. The present writer remains moved by the description
given by Dr. Christopher de Hamel, now one of the world's leading
experts on medieval manuscripts, of the encouragement given him
by Clifford when only a young man, with no money to speak of, and
many thousands of miles away in New Zealand.
Kenneth specialised in English literature, and was responsible
for several series of catalogues as well as the Mercurius Britannicus
series of bulletins, initially and optimistically promoted as
a monthly, between 1933 and 1968. Frank Maggs was one of the great
specialists in travel books, producing several great series of catalogues,
and was actively involved in the formation of the National Maritime
Museum at Greenwich. Three members of the family still work in the
firm, its chairman John, who like his father Frank is a specialist
in travel books, with a particular enthusiasm for cartography; Bryan,
one of the world's leading authorities on the history and technique
of bookbinding; and Edward, managing director and specialist in
modern literature and illustrated books.
One of the great assets of the firm has always been its extraordinary
loyal staff, among whom have been and still are, many of the greatest
experts in their areas. Dr. Ettinghausen has been mentioned above,
who worked closely with Sarah Laredo, largely responsible for the
great Americana catalogues mentioned below; many customers today
will remember with affection Bill Lent, who was with the firm over
fifty years, but not all realised that his father had spent thirty
years working for Maggs before that, making over eighty years between
them. Indeed staff turnover is so low that in the year 2000 the
21 employees and directors of the firm have between some 340 years
of service, making an average of over sixteen years a head. Brief
resumés of current specialists can be found in the individual
department pages.
 The
most lasting legacy of the firm is probably the extraordinary series
of catalogues, now approaching 1,300 in number, many in series such
as Bibliotheca Americana and Voyages and Travels.
Although the bulk are relatively routine reflections of what was
in stock at the time, many are considerable works of scholarship
and are now valuable reference works in their own right. Among the
more significant are The first three Books printed in South America,
(1932, one of a series of astonishing specialist Americana catalogues,
30 copies printed at the Curwen Press); Food and Drink Through
the Ages, 2500 B.C. to 1937 A.D. (1937, 767 items) Bibliotheca
Aëronautica (1920, 1494 items and believed to be the first
specialist rare book catalogue on aviation); Colonel Lawrence
of Arabia; his original manuscript Autobiography (1936); Curiouser
and Curiouser, a Catalogue of strange Books and Curious Titles
(1932), the fulsomely titled The Art of Writing, 2800 B.C. to
1930 A.D. Illustrated in a Collection of original Documents written
on Vellum, paper, Papyrus, Silk, Linen, Bamboo, or inscribed on
Clay, Marble, Steatite, Jasper, Haematite, Matrix of Emerald, and
Chalcedony (1930) and the pioneering Les debuts de la Photographie
(1939).
In modern times we have had a series of scholarly catalogues on
British bookbindings by Bryan Maggs, specialist catalogues on The
English Theatre from the Restoration to 1800 (1980), Dr. Samuel
Johnson (1983) and T.E. Lawrence (1985), and in 2000 an autograph
catalogue including an item from every year of the nineteenth century.
For information on current catalogues,
please see www.maggs.com/catalogues.asp.
Maggs Bros. Ltd. have been antiquarian booksellers by appointment
to H.M. King George V, H.R.H. The Prince of Wales (later King Edward
VIII), H.M. King Alfonso XIII of Spain, H.M. King Manuel II of Portugal,
and are currently favoured with the Royal Warrant to H.M. Queen
Elizabeth II.
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